{"id":5900,"date":"2025-04-27T13:14:41","date_gmt":"2025-04-27T13:14:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cuvaricevremena.eu\/?p=5900"},"modified":"2025-04-28T18:18:55","modified_gmt":"2025-04-28T18:18:55","slug":"poceci-zeljeznice-na-hrvatskom-prostoru","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cuvaricevremena.eu\/index.php\/2025\/04\/27\/poceci-zeljeznice-na-hrvatskom-prostoru\/","title":{"rendered":"Po\u010deci \u017eeljeznice na hrvatskom prostoru"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Premda se putovanje \u017eeljeznicom na na\u0161im geografskim prostorima smatra vi\u0161e smjelim nego prakti\u010dnim pothvatom, mukotrpna izgradnja \u017eeljezni\u010dkih trasa i puteva zbog povezivanja i umre\u017eivanja teritorija jest njezin danak modernizaciji i brzom prijevozu robe i ljudi (u aktualno doba primjerice brzina prelaska velike kilometra\u017ee u vlakovima Kine i Japana).<\/p>

Iako je prijevoz nekom vrstom tra\u010dnica (mijene i razvoj materijala) vezan isprva za rudnike, luke i prijevoz robe (od antike pa do 16. stolje\u0107a) do razvoja \u017eeljezni\u010dke mre\u017ee i lokomotive ipak \u0107emo pri\u010dekati do procvata u 19. stolje\u0107u, pokrenutoga Drugom industrijskom revolucijom.<\/p>

Dok je prva europska \u017eeljezni\u010dka trasa Stockton\u2013Darlintgon duljine 40 km otvorena 1825. za prijevoz rude, pruga u svrhu redovitoga odvijanja putni\u010dkoga i robnoga prometa na podru\u010dju Engleske pu\u0161tena je u promet 15. rujna 1830. na trasi Manchester\u2013Liverpool duljine 56 km, a 1837. \u0161iri se do Birminghama. Od tada nadalje \u0161iri se mre\u017ea \u017eeljeznica, kako Europom (Francuska, Njema\u010dka, Italija) tako i na drugim kontinentima (Amerika, Azija, Australija, Afrika).<\/p>

Hrvatski ficlek<\/h4>
\"\"
Spomen-razglednica kolodvora Kotoriba; preuzeto: 160 godina \u017eeljeznice<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>

Nakon Engleske, Francuske, Njema\u010dke, Rusije, Kube i primjerice Indije, ali prije recimo Japana, na hrvatskom se prostoru otvara \u017eeljezni\u010dka pruga, dodu\u0161e kao dio \u017eeljeznica Ugarske i njezinoga povezivanja juga s pravcima Be\u010da i Trsta.<\/p>

Dionica koja se otvarala imala je cilj povezati ma\u0111arski grad Nagykanizsa (Velika Kani\u017ea) i Pragersko u Sloveniji. Na tom se putu na\u0161lo Me\u0111imurje, to\u010dnije pravac Kotoriba i \u010cakovec. \u017deljezni\u010dka ruta je izgra\u0111ena prije roka i to u razdoblju od 1857. do 1860., a gradnju pokre\u0107e Carsko i kraljevsko povla\u0161teno dru\u0161tvo ju\u017enih \u017eeljeznica. I tako je 24. travnja 1860. prva cug ma\u0161ina fu\u0107nula v Kotoribi za sve\u010dano otvorenje, a vlakovi su pu\u0161teni u promet 1. svibnja. Ta je dionica nazvana \u201cokrajak na hrvatskom tlu\u201d, bumo rekli ficlek. Ovom nazivu osim duljine pruge pridonosi i politi\u010dka situacija priklju\u010divanja Me\u0111imurja Ugarskoj 27. sije\u010dnja 1861., \u010dime se ono izdvaja iz Banske Hrvatske.<\/p>

Navodno su dnevno prometovala dva vlaka u oba smjera s ve\u0107om koli\u010dinom robe nego putnika, a bila su sagra\u0111ena i otvorena tri kolodvora: \u010cakovec, Donji Kraljevec i Kotoriba.<\/p>

\"\"
\u017deljezni\u010dki kolodvor \u010cakovec, 1920-ih, Hrvatski \u017eeljezni\u010dki muzej, Zagreb; preuzeto: Hrvatska tehni\u010dka encikopedija<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>

P\u00e8rvi vlak s osobama \u2013 p\u00e8rvi put u Sisku<\/h4>

Iako je prva \u017eeljezni\u010dka pruga na na\u0161im prostorima otvorena u Me\u0111imurju 1860., iz pravca ju\u017ene Ugarske prema Be\u010du i Trstu, mogla je to lako biti i pru\u017ena trasa Zidani Most \u2013 Zagreb \u2013 Sisak \u2013 Galdovo, igrom povijesnih (ne)prilika otvorena dvije godine kasnije, kao dio \u0161ire pru\u017ene mre\u017ee Be\u010d \u2013 Ljubljana \u2013 Zidani Most \u2013 Trst.<\/p>

Pripremni radovi na ovoj trasi po\u010deli su ve\u0107 1852. ali su zaustavljeni zbog sukoba ma\u0111arske i austrijske \u017eeljezni\u010dke politike te vanjsko-politi\u010dkih problema Monarhije. Radovi ponovno kre\u0107u 1855., no prili\u010dno sporo zbog financijskih problema koji rezultiraju privatizacijom svih dr\u017eavnih pruga u ju\u017enom dijelu Monarhije. Vlasnikom dr\u017eavnih pruga tako postaje Carsko i kraljevsko privilegirano dru\u0161tvo ju\u017enih \u017eeljeznica, tzv. Dru\u0161tvo ju\u017enih \u017eeljeznica koje nastavlja izgradnju pruge Zidani Most \u2013 Zagreb \u2013 Sisak, s rokom izgradnje 1861.<\/p>

Paralelno s izgradnjom pruge grade se i kolodvorske zgrade, pa ih je na spomenutoj ruti bilo deset: Steinbr\u00fcck (Zidani Most), Lichtenwald (Sevnica), Reichenburg (Brestanica), Videm Gurkfeld (Kr\u0161ko), Rate\u010de (Bre\u017eice), Zapre\u0161i\u0107-Brdovec (Zapre\u0161i\u0107), Agram S\u00fcdbahnhof (Zagreb Ju\u017eni kolodvor \u2013 danas Zagreb Zapadni kolodvor), Gorica (Velika Gorica), Lekenik i Sissek (Sisak). Zagrada kolodvora u Sisku bila je druga po veli\u010dini, nakon zagreba\u010dkoga.<\/p>

Ubrzo Sisak postaje prvi grad s razdvojenim putni\u010dkim i teretnim \u017eeljezni\u010dkim kolodvorom jer je potonji izgra\u0111en kraj rije\u010dkoga pristani\u0161ta na Kupi.<\/p>

\"\"
\u017deljezni\u010dki kolodvor Sisak s nadstre\u0161nicom za perone; preuzeto: Savez za \u017eeljeznicu<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>

Na op\u0107e razo\u010daranje gra\u0111anstva, otvaranje pruge 1. listopada 1862. u Sisku i Zagrebu nije bilo sve\u010dano proslavljeno, navodno zbog naredbe iz Be\u010da, no Dru\u0161tvo ju\u017enih \u017eeljeznica nov\u010danu svotu namijenjenu sve\u010danosti dolaska prvoga vlaka doniralo je gradu Zagrebu i Sisku za pomo\u0107 siroma\u0161nima.<\/p>

U prvoj godini prometovanja ovom trasom, vozio je svakodnevno jedan putni\u010dki vlak u oba smjera te nekoliko teretnih vlakova.<\/p>

Razo\u010daranje u Zagrebu kroz okular tiska<\/h4>

Danas poznat kao Zagreb Zapadni kolodvor, a 1862. Zagreb Ju\u017eni kolodvor postaje najve\u0107i otvoreni kolodvor u Hrvatskoj.<\/p>

Narodne novine 1. listopada 1862. pi\u0161u o nezadovoljstvu svjetine zbog neodr\u017eavanja ikakve sve\u010danosti za otvorenje prve hrvatske \u017eeljeznice. Sljede\u0107ega dana pojavio se novi problem koji je razljutio gra\u0111ane, a o \u010demu se radi pro\u010ditajte sami:<\/p>

\"\"
Narodne novine, 2. listopada 1862, br. 78<\/figcaption><\/figure>

Za sretan epilog ovoga problema koji je prozvan \u0161krto\u0161\u0107u Dru\u0161tva ju\u017enih \u017eeljeznica i razdra\u017eio gra\u0111anstvo zaslu\u017eno je gradsko zastupni\u0161tvo koje je nakon uzaludno poslanih opomena ravnatelju \u017eeljeznice, rje\u0161avanje problema preuzelo u svoju nadle\u017enost:<\/p>

\u201eSl. gradsko satni\u010dtvo priredilo je cestu za teretna kola prema kolodvoru i pome\u0107alo svietiljke da gradjanstvo ne\u0107e vi\u0161e imat razloga, da se tu\u017ei s nesigurnosti. Isto tako naredilo je, da stoje u pripravi dva omnibusa na Jella\u010di\u0107evom t\u00e8rgu a dva kod Keglevi\u0107eve ku\u0107e, koja \u0107e ob\u0107instvu biti na uslugu prema kolodvoru. Takova svagdanja sk\u00e8rb gradskog satni\u010dtva za ob\u0107instvo, nemo\u017ee se van s pohvalom priob\u0107ivati.\u201c (Narodne novine, 1862.)<\/p><\/blockquote>

Uz nezadovoljstvo ipak se i\u0161\u010ditava i uzbu\u0111enje i veselje zbog prometne povezanosti i br\u017eih migracija:<\/p>

\u00a0\u201e\u2013 Sila svieta sg\u00e8rnula se na kolodvoru, a jo\u0161 vi\u0161e na ju\u017enom \u0161etali\u0161tu, odakle je onamo toli krasan vidik, i ti svi niekom napetosti o\u010dekuju p \u00e8 r v i \u017eeljezni\u010dki vlak (train), kojim se otvara na\u0161a \u017eeljno izgledana \u017eeljeznica. Bez svake ine sve\u010danosti d o \u0161 a o je i odmah \u0107e u Sisak. Ako za ni\u0161ta drugo, mi se ovoj \u017eeljezni\u010dkoj prugi zato radujemo, \u0161to \u0107emo biti u b\u00e8rzoj svezi s inim glavnim miestima\u2026 a Zagreb\u010dani mo\u0107i \u0107e u jutro jo\u0161 kod ku\u0107e svoju kavu piti pa \u0107e u Be\u010du u 9 satih ve\u010derati.\u201c (Narodne novine, 1862.)<\/p><\/blockquote>

Neko\u0107 obrnute uloge zagreba\u010dkoga Zapadnog i Glavnog kolodvora<\/h4>

Agram S\u00fcdbahnhof odnosno Zagreb Ju\u017eni kolodvor, pu\u0161ten u promet\u00a0 1862. kao i kolodvor Sisak, na pru\u017enoj trasi Zidani Most \u2013 Zagreb \u2013 Sisak \u2013 Galdovo, nosit \u0107e zada\u0107u glavnoga kolodvora sve do 1892. kada je otvoren slu\u017ebeno najve\u0107i kolodvor u Hrvatskoj tzv. Zagreb Dr\u017eavni kolodvor, danas poznat kao Zagreb Glavni kolodvor. Zagreb Ju\u017eni kolodvor od 1924. zvat \u0107e se Zagreb Sava, a od 1943. nosi dana\u0161nji naziv Zagreb Zapadni kolodvor.<\/p>

\"\"<\/p>

Izgradnja pruge i otvorenje Zagreb Ju\u017enog kolodvora odnosno dana\u0161njega Zapadnog kolodvora prema nacrtu arhitekta Wilhelma Gustava Flatticha (izvoditelj radova: poduze\u0107e Guido Pongratz) predstavljala je gospodarski, industrijski, prometni i kulturni procvat Zagreba kao sredi\u0161ta.<\/p>

No, 1. srpnja 1892. neslu\u017ebeno, a 18. kolovoza 1892. slu\u017ebeno se otvara Dr\u017eavni kolodvor i kao najve\u0107i preuzima glavnu ulogu koju je dotad imao Ju\u017eni kolodvor. Arhitektonsko je to djelo glavnoga in\u017eenjera Ma\u0111arskih kraljevskih dr\u017eavnih \u017eeljeznica odnosno specijalista kolodvorskih zgrada Ferenza Pfaffa. Zgrada je sagra\u0111ena u neorenesansnom stilu, a skulpture su izra\u0111ene u poduze\u0107u kipara Vilima Mar\u0161enka u Budimpe\u0161ti.<\/p>

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Zgrada Glavnog kolodvora Zagreb uz ledinu na prostoru dana\u0161njeg Trga kralja Tomislava. Fotografija Ivan Standl, Zavi\u010dajna zbirka Zagrabiensia (KGZ)<\/figcaption><\/figure>

Krajem istoga mjeseca ve\u0107 po\u010dinje izgradnja tramvajske pruge (konjski tramvaj) za povezivanje centra (Jela\u010di\u0107eva trga) s Dr\u017eavnim kolodvorom. Kao \u0161to na slici vidite, Tomislavac kakav danas poznajemo, ne poprima odmah ovu vizuru ve\u0107 \u0107e se to doga\u0111ati od 1895. kada trg biva nazvan prema kralju Franji Josipu I. i ure\u0111en za sve\u010dani do\u010dek kralja koji je pozvan na otvorenje novoizgra\u0111ene zgrade Narodnoga zemaljskog kazali\u0161ta (HNK) 14. listopada 1895.<\/p>

Kada \u201eni\u010du\u201c ostali kolodvori?<\/h4>

Dakle, 1860. otvoreni su kolodvori \u010cakovec, Donji Kraljevec i Kotoriba, 1861.\/1861. izgra\u0111eni su kolodvori na potezu Zidani Most \u2013 Zagreb \u2013 Sisak \u2013 Galdovo:\u00a0 Zidani Most, Sevnica, Brestanica, Kr\u0161ko, Bre\u017eice, Zapre\u0161i\u0107-Brdovec, Zagreb Ju\u017eni kolodvor \u2013 danas Zagreb Zapadni kolodvor, Gorica (Velika Gorica), Lekenik i Sisak. Daljnji slijed izgradnje \u017eeljezni\u010dkih pruga s kolodvorima najbolje je ipak popratiti tabli\u010dno, koliko to dopu\u0161taju dostupni podaci:<\/p>
KOLODVORSKA ZGRADA<\/td>PRUGA<\/td>GODINA<\/td><\/tr>
Karlovac<\/td>Zagreb\u2012Karlovac<\/td>1865.<\/td><\/tr>
Dugo Selo<\/td>Zagreb\u2012Dugo Selo\u2012Koprivnica<\/td>1870.<\/td><\/tr>
Kri\u017eevci, Koprivnica<\/td>Zagreb\u2012Kri\u017eevci\u2012 Koprivnica\u2013Botovo\u2012Z\u00e1k\u00e1ny<\/td>1870.<\/td><\/tr>
Osijek Gornji grad<\/td>Osijek\u2013Beli Manastir\u2013Pe\u010duh<\/td>1870.<\/td><\/tr>
Rijeka<\/td>Karlovac\u2012Rijeka i Pivka\u2012\u0160apjane\u2012Rijeka<\/td>1873.<\/td><\/tr>
Pula<\/td>Diva\u010da\u2012Buzet\u2012Pula<\/td>1876.<\/td><\/tr>
\u0160ibenik, Split<\/td>\u0160ibenik\u2013Perkovi\u0107\u2013Siveri\u0107\u2012Split<\/td>1877.<\/td><\/tr>
Vinkovci, Slavonski Brod<\/td>Dalj\u2013Vinkovci\u2013Slavonski Brod<\/td>1878.<\/td><\/tr>
Metkovi\u0107<\/td>Mostar\u2012Metkovi\u0107<\/td>1885.<\/td><\/tr>
Virovitica<\/td>Barcs \u2013Virovitica\u2013Daruvar<\/td>1885.<\/td><\/tr>
Zabok, Vara\u017edin<\/td>Zapre\u0161i\u0107\u2012Zabok\u2012Vara\u017edin\u2012\u010cakovec<\/td>1886.<\/td><\/tr>
Krapina<\/td>Zabok\u2013Krapina<\/td>1886.<\/td><\/tr>
Knin<\/td>Split\u2013\u0160ibenik\u2013Siveri\u0107\u2013Knin<\/td>1888.<\/td><\/tr>
Bjelovar<\/td>Kri\u017eevci\u2012Bjelovar<\/td>1894.<\/td><\/tr>
Po\u017eega<\/td>Osijek \u2013 Na\u0161ice \u2013 Batrina\u2013odvojak Po\u017eega<\/td>1894.<\/td><\/tr>
Sinj<\/td>Split\u2013Sinj<\/td>1903.<\/td><\/tr>
Gospi\u0107<\/td>

Gospi\u0107-Gra\u010dac<\/p>

Ogulin\u2013Gospi\u0107\u2013Gra\u010dac\u2013Knin<\/p><\/td>

1922.<\/p>

1925.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

Plo\u010de<\/td>Metkovi\u0107\u2012Plo\u010de<\/td>1942.<\/td><\/tr>
Zadar<\/td>Zadar\u2012Bibinje\u2012Benkovac\u2012Kistanje\u2012Knin<\/td>1967.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

Ovo su samo neki od spomenutih mnogobrojnih \u017eeljezni\u010dkih pravaca i kolodvorskih zgrada, no kada govorimo o gra\u0111evinama, ve\u0107ina spomenutih nije u svom izvornom stanju. Kroz vrijeme su dogra\u0111ivane, ponovno gra\u0111ene, rekonstruirane ili modernizirane, a rijetke ostavljaju tragove izvornoga oblika. Upravo one prepoznate po tim tragovima ili o\u010duvanom izvornom obliku, stavljene su u Registar kulturnih dobara Republike Hrvatske, u kategoriju za\u0161ti\u0107enih kulturnih dobara.<\/p>

\"\"
\u017deljezni\u010dki kolodvor Koprivnica, po\u010detak XX. st., Hrvatski \u017eeljezni\u010dki muzej, Zagreb; preuzeto: Hrvatska tehni\u010dka enciklopedija<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>

U Registru se nalazi njih \u0161est: Zagreb Zapadni kolodvor (nekada\u0161nji Ju\u017eni kolodvor) koji predstavlja djelo neoklasicisti\u010dke austrijske kolodvorske arhitekture iz 1862. te Glavni kolodvor, djelo poznatoga ma\u0111arskog arhitekta s kraja 19. st. koji je zaslu\u017ean i za kompleks kolodvora Karlovac koji se tako\u0111er nalazi u kategoriji za\u0161ti\u0107enih kulturnih dobara.<\/p>

Nadalje, za\u0161ti\u0107eni su i zgrada \u017eeljezni\u010dkog kolodvora u Petrinji s kraja 19. i po\u010detka 20. stolje\u0107a te \u017eeljezni\u010dki kolodvor u Koprivnici i Splitu s po\u010detka 20. stolje\u0107a.<\/p>

U posljednjih petnaestak godina obnovljen je dio \u017eeljezni\u010dke mre\u017ee kolodvora dok se za mnoge renovacija tek najavljuje.<\/p>

\"\"
\u017deljezni\u010dki kolodvor i luka u Splitu; preuzeto: Hrvatska tehni\u010dka enciklopedija<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>

\u017delite pro\u010ditati jo\u0161 ovakvih tekstova? Kliknite na\u00a0Cipela be\u010dka, noga li\u010dka<\/a>\u00a0i u\u017eivajte!<\/h4><\/div>
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Literatura:<\/p>

  1. Bi\u0107ani\u0107, Ivo, 2018., 200 godina razvoja \u017eeljeznice, Portal Ekonomski lab<\/a>.<\/li>
  2. Hrvatska tehni\u010dka enciklopedija<\/a>, Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krle\u017ea.<\/li>
  3. Hrvatski \u017eeljezni\u010dki muzej.\u00a0<\/a><\/li>
  4. Kotoriba \u2013 160 godina \u017eeljeznice.<\/a><\/li>
  5. Narodne novine, 1862: br. 77\u201379, br. 94, 95, 97.<\/li>
  6. Narodne novine, 1892: br. 191.<\/li>
  7. Registar kulturnih dobara RH.\u00a0<\/a><\/li>
  8. Savez za \u017eeljeznicu<\/a>, Godina velikih \u017eeljezni\u010dkih obljetnica.\u00a0<\/li><\/ol>

    \u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Premda se putovanje \u017eeljeznicom na na\u0161im geografskim prostorima smatra vi\u0161e smjelim nego prakti\u010dnim pothvatom, mukotrpna izgradnja \u017eeljezni\u010dkih trasa i puteva zbog povezivanja i umre\u017eivanja teritorija jest njezin danak modernizaciji i brzom prijevozu robe i ljudi (u aktualno doba primjerice brzina prelaska velike kilometra\u017ee u vlakovima Kine i Japana). Iako je prijevoz nekom vrstom tra\u010dnica (mijene […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":5911,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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